CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF DISCARDED COVID-19 MASKS OVER SEPIOLITE

This research aims to develop a new strategy to valorize wasted COVID-19 masks based on pyrolysis to convert them into useful products. First, surgical and FFP2 masks were thermally pyrolyzed at temperatures of 450–550 ºC with the purpose of determining gas, liquid (oil) and solid (char) yields. At low temperatures, solid yield was high, while at high temperatures the gas product was enhanced. The highest yield of liquid was found at an operating temperature of 500 ºC in both surgical and FPP2 masks pyrolysis. The liquid product yields were 59.08% and 58.86%, respectively. Then, the volatiles generated during thermal pyrolysis of residual masks were cracked over sepiolite as catalyst at a temperature of 500 ºC. The catalytic pyrolysis increased the yield of gas product (43.89% against 39.52% for surgical masks and 50.53% against 39.41% for FFP2 masks) and decreased the viscosity of the liquid product. Finally, the effect of sepiolite regeneration and reuse in consecutive pyrolysis tests was examined. Results showed that, with the higher regeneration-reuse of sepiolite, the catalyst was degraded obtaining a liquid product with higher molecular mass. This effect was hardly noticeable in the case of FFP2 masks. © 2022 International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference. All rights reserved.

The fate of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in coastal New England wastewater treatment plants

Municipal sewage carries SARS-CoV-2 viruses shed in the human stool by infected individuals to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is well-established that increasing prevalence of COVID-19 in a community increases the viral load in its WWTPs. Despite the fact that wastewater treatment facilities serve a critical role in protecting downstream human and environmental health through removal or inactivation of the virus, little is known about the fate of the virus along the treatment train. To assess the efficacy of differing WWTP size and treatment processes in viral RNA removal we quantified two SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) biomarkers (N1 and N2) in both liquid and solids phases for multiple treatment train locations from seven coastal New England WWTPs. SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers were commonly detected in the influent, primary treated, and sludge samples (returned activated sludge, waste activated sludge, and digested sludge), and not detected after secondary clarification processes or disinfection. Solid fractions had 470 to 3,700-fold higher concentrations of viral biomarkers than liquid fractions, suggesting considerably higher affinity of the virus for the solid phase. Our findings indicate that a variety of wastewater treatment designs are efficient at achieving high removal of SARS CoV-2 from effluent;however, quantifiable viral RNA was commonly detected in wastewater solids at various points in the facility. This study supports the important role municipal wastewater treatment facilities serve in reducing the discharge of SARS-CoV-2 viral fragments to the environment and highlights the need to better understand the fate of this virus in wastewater solids.

Identification Of Semi-Solid Liquids Using Photodiode And RGB Sensor With Spectrophotometric Neural Network (S-NN) Method

Droplet or human saliva is a semi-solid liquid that Covid-19 can catch on its patch media. It is also one of the causes of the fastest spread of Covid-19, resulting in a pandemic nowadays. So in this preliminary study, we created a tool that uses spectrophotometry to identify semi-solid liquids, including saliva, yogurt, and yeast water. The non-monochromatic spectrophotometric output will be classified using the neural network (NN) method. NN identifies the type of liquid by calculating the weight of each absorption wavelength of each semi-solid liquid sample from a non-monochromatic spectrophotometer. This initial research reveals several types of wavelength spectrum that can be recognized by Photodiode and RGB sensors through non-monochrome spectrophotometric methods. From the test results, saliva samples on glass media have a very high error rate of 99.9098%. For the overall average of saliva samples in all media, the accuracy is 89.1036%, and the error is 10.8964%. For the yogurt sample, the accuracy is 99.3075%, and the error is 0.6925%. The accuracy of the media without liquid is 78.8809%, and the error is 21.1191%. Based on the results, we found that the device can work properly as its aims. © 2022 IEEE.

Nano-antivirals: A comprehensive review

Nanoparticles can be used as inhibitory agents against various microorganisms, including bacteria, algae, archaea, fungi, and a huge class of viruses. The mechanism of action includes inhibiting the function of the cell membrane/stopping the synthesis of the cell membrane, disturbing the transduction of energy, producing toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibiting or reducing RNA and DNA production. Various nanomaterials, including different metallic, silicon, and carbon-based nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures, have been successfully used against different viruses. Recent research strongly agrees that these nanoarchitecture-based virucidal materials (nano-antivirals) have shown activity in the solid state. Therefore, they are very useful in the development of several products, such as fabric and high-touch surfaces. This review thoroughly and critically identifies recently developed nano-antivirals and their products, nano-antiviral deposition methods on various substrates, and possible mechanisms of action. By considering the commercial viability of nano-antivirals, recommendations are made to develop scalable and sustainable nano-antiviral products with contact-killing properties. Copyright © 2022 Hussain, Abro, Ahmed, Memon and Memon.

Industrial Wastewater Discharge and Compliance Investigation for Environmentally Resilient Rwanda

While Rwanda is aiming at environmental pollution resilience and green growth, some industries are still discharging untreated effluent into the environment. This study gives a general overview of the compliance level of industrial effluent discharge in Rwanda and the linked negative environmental impacts. It comprises qualitative and quantitative analyses of data obtained from wastewater samples collected from five selected industries in Rwanda. The selected industries had previously been audited and monitored by the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), due to complains from neighboring residents. The study found that the effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for all concerned industries failed to comply with (i) oil and grease (O&G) national and international tolerable parameter limits or the (ii) fecal coliforms national standard. In addition, a compliance level of 66.7% was observed for key water quality monitoring parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and heavy metals (i.e., lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr)). Following these study findings, one industry was closed by the REMA for deliberately discharging untreated effluent into an adjacent river. This study recommends the adoption of the best available technology for effluent treatment, installation or renovation of existing WWTPs, and the relocation to industrial zones of industries adjacent to fragile environments.

Characterization of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) fruits from plants irrigated with different regimens and calcium doses

Cape gooseberry fruits have positioned in the world market due to their excellent nutritional characteristics, because they are an ideal food that contributes to raising the defenses of the human body and helps it to face diseases such as COVID-19, they are also a natural source of antioxidants and anticancer agents. In order to avoid the physiopathy of cracking in cape gooseberry fruits, these were characterized at harvest time, coming from greenhouse plants irrigated with different applications of water levels and irrigation frequencies, as well as different calcium doses, in a design of randomized complete blocks with 12 treatments. The blocks were the irrigation frequencies (4, 9 and 14 days), while the treatments were the combination of four irrigation coefficients (0.7, 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3 of the evaporation of the tank class A) and three doses of calcium (0, 50 and 100 kg ha-1). The plants were sown in 20 L pots with peat moss substrate. Fruits were harvested at the color stage 5 and 6 of the calyx, from 19 weeks after transplanting. The different water levels and irrigation frequencies did not significantly affect the firmness of the cape gooseberry fruits, but there was a strong tendency that cracked gooseberry fruits are less firm than healthy fruits. As the irrigation coefficient increased, the total soluble solids (TSS) increased while the total titratable acids (TTA) decreased. Irrigation frequency of 14 days generated fruits with higher TSS and pH values. The calcium doses did not affect the calcium concentration in the fruits or the TSS, TTA and pH values. Therefore, it can be concluded that incremented irrigation coefficients (up to 1.3) increase the quality of cape gooseberry fruits.

Stabilizing vaccines via drying: Quality by design considerations.

Pandemics and epidemics are continually challenging human beings' health and imposing major stresses on the societies particularly over the last few decades, when their frequency has increased significantly. Protecting humans from multiple diseases is best achieved through vaccination. However, vaccines thermal instability has always been a hurdle in their widespread application, especially in less developed countries. Furthermore, insufficient vaccine processing capacity is also a major challenge for global vaccination programs. Continuous drying of vaccine formulations is one of the potential solutions to these challenges. This review highlights the challenges on implementing the continuous drying techniques for drying vaccines. The conventional drying methods, emerging technologies and their adaptation by biopharmaceutical industry are investigated considering the patented technologies for drying of vaccines. Moreover, the current progress in applying Quality by Design (QbD) in each of the drying techniques considering the critical quality attributes (CQAs), critical process parameters (CPPs) are comprehensively reviewed. An expert advice is presented on the required actions to be taken within the biopharmaceutical industry to move towards continuous stabilization of vaccines in the realm of QbD.

Comparative Analysis of RNA-Extraction Approaches and Associated Influences on RT-qPCR of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a University Residence Hall and Quarantine Location

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) provides an early warning and trend analysis approach for determining the presence of COVID-19 in a community and complements clinical testing in assessing the population level, even as viral loads fluctuate. Here, we evaluate combinations of two wastewater concentration methods (i.e., ultrafiltration and composite supernatant-solid), four pre-RNA extraction modifications, and three nucleic acid extraction kits using two different wastewater sampling locations. These consisted of a quarantine facility containing clinically confirmed COVID-19-positive inhabitants and a university residence hall. Of the combinations examined, composite supernatant-solid with pre-RNA extraction consisting of water concentration and RNA/DNA shield performed the best in terms of speed and sensitivity. Further, of the three nucleic acid extraction kits examined, the most variability was associated with the Qiagen kit. Focusing on the quarantine facility, viral concentrations measured in wastewater were generally significantly related to positive clinical cases, with the relationship dependent on method, modification, kit, target, and normalization, although results were variable-dependent on individual time points (Kendall's Tau-b (tau) = 0.17 to 0.6) or cumulatively (Kendall's Tau-b (tau) = -0.048 to 1). These observations can support laboratories establishing protocols to perform wastewater surveillance and monitoring efforts for COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA and N Antigen Quantification via Wastewater at the Campus Level, Building Cluster Level, and Individual-Building Level

Monitoring wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 from populations smaller than those served by wastewater treatment plants may help identify small spatial areas (subsewersheds) where COVID-19 infections are present. We sampled wastewater from three nested locations with different sized populations within the same sewer network at a university campus and quantified SARS-CoV-2 RNA using reverse transcriptase droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR). SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations and/or concentrations normalized by PMMoV were positively associated with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases for both the sewershed level and the subsewershed level. We also used an antigen-based assay to detect the nucleocapsid (N) antigen from SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples at the sewershed level. The N antigen was regularly detected at the sewershed level, but the results were not associated with either laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases or SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations. The results of this study indicate that wastewater monitoring based on quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using PCR-based methods is associated with COVID-19 cases at multiple geographic scales within the subsewershed level and can serve to aid the public health response.

Baseline assessment of heavy metal pollution during COVID-19 near river mouth of Kerian River, Malaysia

River water quality is a serious concern among scientist and government agencies due to increasing anthropogenic activities and uncontrolled industrial discharge to rivers. The present study was conducted near the river mouth of the Kerian River to assess heavy metal pollution during COVID-19 pandemic-lockdown conditions and post-COVID-19 pandemic-unlock conditions. Twelve samples of shallow, middle, and bottom depths were collected at four locations along a 9.6 km reach. A concentration of eight heavy metals including Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc were extracted through atomic absorption spectrometry. Total suspended solid was measured during laboratory experimentation. The results showed that, during the pandemic, concentrations of Nickel, Zinc, and Iron were high at shallow, middle, and bottom depths, respectively. Decreasing orders of heavy metal concentration are variable at different depths due to either their high sinking tendency with other existing components of water matrix or the anthropogenic source. However, almost all values of heavy metals are under the permissible limit of National Water Quality Standards of Malaysia and Food and Drug Administration. A possible reason for the lack of heavy metal pollution may be the restriction of anthropogenic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in total suspended solid.

Analysing the change in water quality parameters along river Ganga at Varanasi, Mirzapur and Ghazipur using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 satellite data during pre-lockdown, lockdown and post-lockdown associated with COVID-19

The proper functioning of the river ecosystem has been symbolised by healthy aquatic life. The river Ganga has shown signs of rejuvenation due to lockdown. In this study, an attempt has been made to analyse the change in river water quality using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 imageries. The quantitative analysis has been performed for temperature and normalised difference turbidity index (NDTI). The qualitative analysis has been performed for pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total suspended solids (TSSs). Ghazipur, Varanasi and Mirzapur stretches have been selected for this study. In the Ghazipur stretch, the river temperature decreased by 7.14% in May 2020 (lockdown period) as compared to May 2019 (1 year before lockdown). Similarly, in the Varanasi stretch, this decrease has been by 8.62%, and in the Mirzapur stretch, this decrease has been by 12.06% in May 2020 compared to May 2019. For the same period, NDTI in the Ghazipur, Varanasi and Mirzapur stretch has been decreased by 0.22, 0.26 and 0.24, respectively. The pH and DO of the river increased, and TSS decreased for the considered time period. The lockdown during the second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 was not helpful for river rejuvenation. This study elicited how the behaviour of the parameters changed during the lockdown. Research highlights: River Ganga becomes much cleaner in the lockdown period (May 2020) compared to the pre-lockdown time. In the Mirzapur stretch, the temperature decreased most in May 2020 as compared to May 2019. In the Varanasi stretch, there is a maximum variation in the NDTI value in May 2020 in comparison with that of May 2019. The most significant task will be to maintain river conditions during post-lockdown similar to that prevailed during lockdown. In the second wave COVID-19 lockdown the river again became polluted like the pre-COVID times. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Earth System Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in dormitories as a part of comprehensive university campus COVID-19 monitoring.

Wastewater-based epidemiology is an effective tool for monitoring infectious disease spread or illicit drug use within communities. At the Ohio State University, we conducted a SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance program in the 2020-2021 academic year and compared results with the university-required weekly COVID-19 saliva testing to monitor COVID-19 infection prevalence in the on-campus residential communities. The objectives of the study were to rapidly track trends in the wastewater SARS-CoV-2 gene concentrations, analyze the relationship between case numbers and wastewater signals when adjusted using human fecal viral indicator concentrations (PMMoV, crAssphage) in wastewater, and investigate the relationship of the SARS-CoV-2 gene concentrations with wastewater parameters. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and envelope (N1, N2, and E) gene concentrations, determined with reverse transcription droplet digital PCR, were used to track SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in dormitory wastewater once a week at 6 sampling sites across the campus during the fall semester in 2020. During the following spring semester, research was focused on SARS-CoV2 N2 gene concentrations at 5 sites sampled twice a week. Spearman correlations both with and without adjusting using human fecal viral indicators showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between human COVID-19 positive case counts and wastewater SARS-CoV-2 gene concentrations. Spearman correlations showed significant relationships between N1 gene concentrations and both TSS and turbidity, and between E gene concentrations and both pH and turbidity. These results suggest that wastewater signal increases with the census of infected individuals, in which the majority are asymptomatic, with a statistically significant (p-value <0.05) temporal correlation. The study design can be utilized as a platform for rapid trend tracking of SARS-CoV-2 variants and other diseases circulating in various communities.

Design and Validation of Sample Splitting Protocol for Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Quantification in Wastewater

Evaluations of analytical performance through interlaboratory comparisons and proficiency tests are underway globally for biomolecular-based methods [e.g., reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)] used in the surveillance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater. These evaluations often rely on sharing a common reference wastewater sample that is split among participating laboratories. A known quantity of recovery surrogates can be introduced to the wastewater matrix by the coordinating laboratory as an exogenous control in a spike-and-recovery approach;however, split-sample comparisons are increasingly performed to evaluate in situ quantities of SARS-CoV-2 genetic signal native to the sample due to the lack of a universally accepted recovery surrogate of SARS-CoV-2. A reproducible procedure that minimizes the variability of SARS-CoV-2 genetic signal among split wastewater aliquots is therefore necessary to facilitate the method comparisons, especially when a large number of aliquots are required. Emerging literature has suggested that SARS-CoV-2 genetic signal in wastewater is linked to the solids fraction. Accordingly, a protocol that allows for equal distribution of solids content evenly among wastewater aliquots was also likely to facilitate even distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic signal. Based on this premise, we reviewed existing sample splitting apparatus and approaches used for solids-based parameters in environmental samples. A portable batch reactor was designed, comprised of readily accessible materials and equipment. This design was validated through splitting of real wastewater samples collected from a municipal wastewater treatment facility serving a population with reported cases of COVID-19. This work applies well-established solid-liquid mixing theory and concepts that are likely unfamiliar to molecular microbiologists and laboratory analysts, providing (1) a prototype adaptable for a range of sample quantities, aliquot sizes, microbial targets, and water matrices;and (2) a pragmatic demonstration of critical considerations for design and validation of a reproducible and effective sample splitting protocol.

The Influence of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies on the Biological Stabilization of Sewage Sludge: A Systematic Review

Various wastewater treatment technologies are available today and biological processes are predominantly used in these technologies. Increasing wastewater treatment systems produces large amounts of sewage sludge with variable quantities and qualities, which must be properly managed. Anaerobic and aerobic digestion and composting are major strategies to treat this sludge. The main indicators of biological stabilization are volatile fatty acids (VFAs), volatile solids (VS), the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, humic substances (HS), the total organic carbon (TOC), the carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution rate, the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), and the Dewar test;however, different criteria exist for the same indicators. Although there is no consensus for defining the stability of sewage sludge (biosolids) in the research and regulations reviewed, controlling the biological degradation, vector attraction, and odor determines the biological stabilization of sewage sludge. Because pollutants and pathogens are not completely removed in biological stabilization processes, further treatments to improve the quality of biosolids and to ensure their safe use should be explored.

Comparison of storage method and packaging material on physicochemical properties of fresh-cut melons (Cucumis melo L.) during distribution

During the COVID-19 pandemic, customer awareness for food quality and safety is distinctly higher. Fresh-cut fruits in Indonesia are traditionally distributed using wheelbarrows. The increasing consumption of fruit in Indonesia must be accompanied by awareness of healthy lifestyles and the shift of consumer behavior to online stores. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of storage methods and packaging materials for fresh-cut melon on changes in physicochemical properties during the distribution process. Variation of packaging materials used were polypropylene, plastic wrap, and without packaging as control. The ice gel in cooled box delivery was used for storage method during distribution and compared to conventional methods (manual fruit carts). The physical parameters of melons fruit observed during distribution were weight loss, hardness level, pH value, and total soluble solids (TSS). The fresh-cut melons were stored in a distribution box which kept the temperature at +or- 18 degrees C for 6 h. The results showed that the storage method had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on all parameters of physical quality. While packaging material had a real effect (p < 0.05) on weight loss and TSS, but has no effect (p < 0.05) on hardness level and pH value. Packaging using plastic wrap can reduce the weight loss of fresh-cut melons, while polypropylene plastic can maintain the hardness level, pH value, and TSS of cut melons fruit.

Toward the Sustainable Use of Groundwater Springs: A Case Study from Namibia

The water supply in drylands mainly relies on groundwater, making it a crucial resource. Springs in southern Africa are often underutilized, and are neither protected nor monitored. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate their quality in a sample area in northwestern Namibia and to propose solutions for the sustainable use of springs. In total, 35 springs and hot springs were evaluated in the study area located in the drier part of Namibia (Pmean = 150–400 mm/year), an area highly impacted by ongoing climate change with longer and more frequent drought seasons. The springs there are mostly uncaptured and the discharge is in the form of surface runoff, which is mainly lost to the atmosphere by evaporation. Most of the studied springs were perennial, despite a severe drought period. Local communities rely on the springs mainly for livestock and human consumption, as well as for irrigation. However, 71% of the springs do not have any protective measures. The temperature, pH, conductivity and alkalinity were tested in situ. In total, 20 samples were collected and analyzed for major ions (boron, fluoride, silica and strontium) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The physical and inorganic results mostly indicated good and excellent quality water for human consumption, while the hot springs tended to have poor water quality in terms of Namibian standards, indicating that the water was not fit for human consumption.

Adverse Effects of Infant Formula Made with Corn-Syrup Solids on the Development of Eating Behaviors in Hispanic Children.

Few studies have investigated the influence of infant formulas made with added corn-syrup solids on the development of child eating behaviors. We examined associations of breastmilk (BM), traditional formula (TF), and formula containing corn-syrup solids (CSSF) with changes in eating behaviors over a period of 2 years. Feeding type was assessed at 6 months in 115 mother-infant pairs. Eating behaviors were assessed at 12, 18 and 24 months. Repeated Measures ANCOVA was used to determine changes in eating behaviors over time as a function of feeding type. Food fussiness and enjoyment of food differed between the feeding groups (p < 0.05) and changed over time for CSSF and TF (p < 0.01). Food fussiness increased from 12 to 18 and 12 to 24 months for CSSF and from 12 to 24 months for TF (p < 0.01), while it remained stable for BM. Enjoyment of food decreased from 12 to 24 months for CSSF (p < 0.01), while it remained stable for TF and BM. There was an interaction between feeding type and time for food fussiness and enjoyment of food (p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that Hispanic infants consuming CSSF may develop greater food fussiness and reduced enjoyment of food in the first 2 years of life compared to BM-fed infants.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance in wastewater as a function of distinct urban sewershed size

During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a promising approach for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 prevalence on a community-level. Despite much being known about the utility of making these measurements in large wastewater treatment plants, little is known about the correlation with finer geographic resolution, such as those obtained through sewershed sub-area catchments. This study aims to identify community wastewater surveillance characteristics between sewershed areas that affect the strength of the association of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in a metropolitan area. For this, wastewater from 17 sewershed areas were sampled in Louisville/Jefferson County, Kentucky (USA), from August 2020 to April 2021 (N = 727), which covered approximately 97% of the county's households. Solids were collected from the treatment plants from November 2020 to December 2020 (N = 42). Our results indicate that the sewersheds differ in SARS-CoV-2 trends;however, high pairwise correlation spatial trends were not observed, and the mean SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations of smaller upstream community sewershed areas did not differ from their respective treatment centers. Solid samples could only be collected at treatment plants, therefore not allowing us to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 abundance as a function of the sewershed scale. The population size sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 concentration detection is non-linear: at low population levels the measures are either too sensitive and generate a high level of variability, or at high population levels the estimates are dampened making small changes in community infection levels more difficult to discern. Our results suggest selecting sampling sites that include a wide population range. This study and its findings may inform other system-wide strategies for sampling wastewater for estimating non-SARS-CoV-2 targets.

Influence of wastewater treatment technologies on virus removal under a bibliometric-statistical analysis

Viruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) are discharged into surface water bodies or agricultural irrigation from treated municipal/domestic wastewater. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the viral removal from wastewater treatment technologies, also considering wastewater physicochemical properties based on a bibliometric-statistical review. A preliminary bibliometric analysis (keywords co-occurrence) using VOS viewer (n = 698 scientific publications) was established. Moreover, systematic constraining criteria (1983–2021) limiting the statistical study to 93 scientific publications were carried out. Variance Analysis (ANOVA-2 ways) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to identify the most influential wastewater treatment typology and parameters affecting viral removal. Bibliometric results showed that at least 25% of the studies on viral removal from wastewater corresponded to the last 2 years. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 was approached in a particular way. Thus, more than 15 viruses and/or genotypes and more than 20 specific/non-specific technologies for viral removal were statistically analyzed. Results did not report significant differences (p < 0.05) of Log Removal Virus (LRV) between specific (e.g., MBR, chlorination) and non-specific (e.g., activated sludge, anaerobic digestion) technologies. However, MBR (specific) and anaerobic digestion (non-specific) reported the highest viral removal efficiencies. SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to be removed by specific and non-specific technologies, but it is not conclusive. Preliminary statistical approximations establish that the physicochemical parameters (COD, TSS, pH) from wastewater could influence the viral removal. Future challenges should focus on operational improvements, new technology development, and regulation (recycling, discharge) assuming potential risks (human, environment).